Which statement best describes hemophilia?

• A. A congenital blood clotting disorder caused by a genetic mutation, leading to impaired clotting.
• B. An autoimmune destruction of platelets resulting in a low platelet count.
• C. A condition in which the blood does not clot properly, inherited and caused by a genetic mutation.
• D. A vitamin K deficiency causing prolonged bleeding.

Answer: (C)

Hemophilia is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by deficiency or dysfunction of coagulation factors in the clotting cascade, most commonly factor VIII or IX. Because it is inherited, it follows a genetic defect passed from parent to child, usually with an X-linked pattern. This leads to blood that does not clot properly, which manifests as prolonged bleeding, especially into joints and muscles. The best description emphasizes both the inherited genetic cause and the impaired clotting process. It is distinct from platelet disorders or vitamin K–related deficiencies, which involve different parts of the hemostasis system.